Ingredient dictionary

This potent antioxidant is a highly stable form of vitamin C that improves skin tone, helps fade discolorations, and visibly firms skin.

AHA, also known as alpha hydroxy acid, exfoliates skin and improves signs of ageing, dry skin and an uneven skin tone.

Alpha-arbutin is one of the effective options for targeting skin discolorations. It’s also a potent antioxidant.

This derivative of pure vitamin C has antioxidant properties and can fight visible signs of aging

A type of alpha hydroxy acid (AHA) that works as an exfoliant. Due to its large molecule size, it's generally better tolerated by those with sensitive skin than glycolic acid.

Antioxidant that helps enhance and even out overall skin tone. Works by interrupting triggers of discolourations. Can be of natural or synthetic origin.

This fruit from the strawberry tree has antioxidant and dark spot-fighting properties.

A plant-based ingredient with antioxidant properties. Research also indicates it can help improve the look of skin discolourations.

Pure vitamin C, the primary antioxidant in skin. Works as an antioxidant, dullness brightener, wrinkle-reducer, and helps fade discolourations.

Stable, water-soluble form of vitamin C that brightens dull skin and fades discolourations.

Stable, oil-soluble form of vitamin C that works as an antioxidant and helps stabilise skin care formulas.

Highly stable, oil soluble derivative of vitamin C that helps protect skin from environmental aggressors and promotes a firm skin structure.

Soothing agent and gentle exfoliant that refines skin’s texture and reduces blemishes + their marks. Famous for calming reddened, sensitive skin.

A prescription azelaic acid medicine.

A ferment with skin conditioning and antioxidant properties that’s also a source of dark spot-fighting arbutin.

Due to its arbutin content, this extract can have some value in improving the look of discolourations.

This extract from the Japanese chestnut has antioxidant and potential skin brightening properties.

“Next gen” tranexamic acid derivative used in skin care to address discolorations (i.e. dark spots, post-blemish marks, etc.).

This “first milk” is a rich source of nutrients and helps protect skin from oxidative stress.

This synthetic antioxidant has limited research showing its ability to fight discolorations and redness.

A component of licorice, this ingredient has soothing and dark spot fading properties when applied topically.

Potent, mushroom-derived antioxidant that boosts skin’s environmental defenses and ability to look younger in multiple ways.

This yeast byproduct of sake fermentation has antioxidant, soothing, and discoloration-reducing properties.