Ingredient dictionary

Specially extracted component of ginger stems shown to reduce the major types of dark circles and offer potent antioxidant benefits.

Technically known as phytonadione, vitamin K is a fat-soluble vitamin. Applying vitamin K to the surface of the skin won't improve the look of unevenness or dark circles.

One of the most well-known and researched antioxidants for the body and for skin.

Ongoing use has been shown to improve the look of multiple signs of ageing, brighten an uneven skin tone, as well as provide skin-restoring and soothing benefits.

Helps visibly minimise pore size, improve dull/uneven tone, and reduce wrinkle depth. Also known to fortify skin's barrier strength and boost hydration.

Also known as bearberry, this plant extract has antioxidant properties and could have dark spot fading properties.

Long-proven humectant that in amounts of 10% or greater also offers keratolytic (exfoliating) benefits to improve dry, scaly, and thickened skin.

Turmeric is a spice made from the dried, ground root of the Curcuma longa plant.

Discoloration-fading ingredient that interrupts multiple pathways in skin that would otherwise lead to uneven tone. Excellent for dark spots and brown/gray patches.

Compounds of vitamin E that offer powerful antioxidant and soothing benefits. Can be naturally or synthetically derived.

One of four forms of vitamin E. It can be naturally or synthetically derived. Regardless of its origin, tocopherol has potent oil-soluble antioxidant properties and can help defend skin from pollution and environmental stressors.

Highly stable form of vitamin C that protects skin from oxidative damage and collagen breakdown.

Kakadu plum extract is concentrated in antioxidants, including ascorbic acid (vitamin C), translating to various anti-aging benefits.

This acid acts as both an antioxidant and alpha hydroxy acid. It also helps stabilise the pH of other AHAs so they can work as exfoliants.

A unique Asian ingredient created from solidified bird saliva that offers anti-aging and hydrating benefits.

Antioxidant known for delivering significant skin-soothing properties. Derivative form of licorice root.

Anti-aging ingredient typically sourced from wheatgerm. Shows great potential for skin longevity and skin tone evening benefits (though more research is needed).

Compounds derived from the soybean plant that offer numerous benefits, especially for estrogen-deficient skin. Noted for their ability to visibly improve elasticity, texture, density and hydration.

A natural, potent antioxidant, restoring, and soothing agent for skin that is derived from soybeans.

Stable, effective form of vitamin C that visibly firms, brightens dullness and evens skin tone.

A form of vitamin C that can help with dark spots and uneven tone.

Scutellaria baicalensis root extract comes from a flowering plant native to China.

Saltwater plant whose oily extract offers impressive antioxidant ability and may help fade dark spots.

Extract from a flowering plant commonly known as western dock. Plays a supporting role in fading hyperpigmentation.

Retinyl propionate is a vitamin A derivative that shares the same anti-aging benefits as classic retinol but with greater stability. 

Retinoid that encourages younger, healthier looking skin. An ester of retinol and linoleic acid.

An umbrella term for vitamin A derivatives that work as antioxidants and promote anti-aging, firming, skin tone evening and pore-minimizing benefits.

Form of retinol that is a direct precursor to retinoic acid, with significant research backing its ability to visibly reduce fine lines, wrinkles, and other signs of aging. Can also be used to improve the appearance of blemish-prone skin.

This extract from the roots of the radish plant is high in antioxidant-rich phenolic compounds.

Source of isoflavone, genistein, and daidzein, all plant estrogens that provide anti-ageing and antioxidant benefits.

Commonly known as kudzu, this plant and its extracts are a source of isoflavone, genistein, and daidzein, all plant estrogens that can help improve signs of ageing.

A derivative of azelaic acid, this multitasker that improves uneven tone, soothes skin, and balances oil production while also hydrating skin.